Ettinger, Shoshana Felman, Griselda Pollock, Luce Irigaray and Jane Flax have developed a Feminist psychoanalysis and argued that psychoanalytic theory is vital to the feminist project and must, like other theoretical traditions, be criticized by women as well as transformed to free it from vestiges of sexism (i.e. Feminist psychoanalytic theory įeminist theorists such as Juliet Mitchell, Nancy Chodorow, Jessica Benjamin, Jane Gallop, Bracha L. Ettinger rethinks the human subject as informed by the archaic connectivity to the maternal and proposes the idea of a Demeter-Persephone Complexity. The matrixial feminine difference defines a particular gaze and it is a source for trans-subjectivity and transjectivity in both males and females. Ettinger transformed subjectivity in contemporary psychoanalysis since the early 1990s with the Matrixial feminine-maternal and prematernal Eros of borderlinking (bordureliance), borderspacing (bordurespacement) and co-emergence. She contends that patriarchal cultures, like individuals, have to exclude the maternal and the feminine so that they can come into being. Julia Kristeva has significantly developed the field of semiotics. According to Lacan, the sexuation of an individual has as much, if not more, to do with their development of a gender identity as being genetically sexed male or female. Lacan uses the concept of sexuation (sexual situation), which posits the development of gender-roles and role-play in childhood, to counter the idea that gender identity is innate or biologically determined. Both male and female subjects participate in the "phallic" organization, and the feminine side of sexuation is "supplementary" and not opposite or complementary. Lacan, however, organizes femininity and masculinity according to different unconscious structures. In a Freudian system, women are "mutilated and must learn to accept their lack of a penis" (in Freud's terms a "deformity"). Gender studied under the lens of each of these theorists looks somewhat different. Among these are Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, and Bracha L. Influences Psychoanalytic theory Ī number of theorists have influenced the field of gender studies significantly, specifically in terms of psychoanalytic theory. Ettinger, and informed both by Freud, Lacan and the object relations theory, is very influential in gender studies. įeminist theory of psychoanalysis, articulated mainly by Julia Kristeva and Bracha L. Many fields came to regard "gender" as a practice, sometimes referred to as something that is performative. Gender studies is also a discipline in itself, incorporating methods and approaches from a wide range of disciplines. In politics, gender can be viewed as a foundational discourse that political actors employ in order to position themselves on a variety of issues. However, these disciplines sometimes differ in their approaches to how and why gender is studied. Gender is pertinent to many disciplines, such as literary theory, drama studies, film theory, performance theory, contemporary art history, anthropology, sociology, sociolinguistics and psychology. However, this view is not held by all gender scholars. In gender studies, the term 'gender' is often used to refer to the social and cultural constructions of masculinity and femininity, rather than biological aspects of the male or female sex. Gender studies also analyzes how race, ethnicity, location, social class, nationality, and disability intersect with the categories of gender and sexuality. ĭisciplines that frequently contribute to gender studies include the fields of literature, linguistics, human geography, history, political science, archaeology, economics, sociology, psychology, anthropology, cinema, musicology, media studies, human development, law, public health, and medicine. Its rise to prominence, especially in Western universities after 1990, coincided with the rise of deconstruction. The field now overlaps with queer studies and men's studies. Gender studies originated in the field of women's studies, concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics. Gender studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |